Traditional Uses

• Impaired memory
• Tinnitus ("ringing in the ears")/ Vertigo
• Peripheral vascular insufficiency
• Raynaud’s disease
• Diabetic retinopathy / Macular degeneration

Mode of Action

• Dilates the blood vessels and helps restore sufficient blood flow to the limbs and brain in cases of arterial insufficiency
• Reduces brain and retinal edema (fluid swelling)
• Antioxidant, free radical scavenging effects
• Helps prevent blood clots in the blood vessels by inhibiting platelet activating factors (PAF)
• Promotes choline (a B vitamin) uptake in the hippocampus (part of the brain involved with mood and instinct)
• Increase tolerance to hypoxia (low blood oxygen levels)

Drug Interactions

• Insulin requirements for diabetics may need adjustment

Cautions

• Avoid during pregnancy
• Mild Stomach or intestinal upset possible 
• Not recommended for children under 12

Recommended Dose

• 60-120 mg once a day containing 24% flavoglycosides and 6% terpene lactones. (Dose may vary from brand to brand)

References

• Blumenthal, 1998; Hoffman, 1990; Murray, F., 1996; Murray, M., 1996; Newell, 1996; Schulz et al, 1998; Tyler, 1993; Tyler, 1994; Wiener, 1994